GRAMMAR

4.- REPORTED SPEECH

STATEMENTS

Changes in verb tenses
Direct speech	Reported speech
“I live in this house”, she said	She said that she lived in that house
“We are watching TV now”, they said	They said that they were watching TV at that moment
“He bought his house here”, she said	She said that he bought his house there She said that he had bought his house there
“I was listening to music all night”, she said	She said that she was listening to music all night She said that she had been listening to music all night
“I have repaired the radio myself”, she said	She said that she had repaired the radio herself
“We had painted the walls in summer”, he said	He said that they had painted the walls in summer
“You will see your friends soon”, he said	He said that I would see my friends soon
“He would like to live here”, she said	She said that he would like to live there
“You must get up early”, she said	She said that I had to get up early
“I may rain tonight”, he said	He said that it might rain that night
“I can ride a bike”, he said	He said that he could ride a bike
“I might study at university”, she said	She said that she might study at university
“I could play the piano when I was little”, he said	He said that he could play the piano when he was little
Changes in adverbs and demonstratives
Now	Then/at that moment
Today	That day
Tonight	That night
Yesterday	The day before/the previous day
Tomorrow	The day after/the following day
Last week	The week before/the previous week
Next week	The week after/the following week
In two days	Two days later
Two days ago	Two days before
Here	There
This	That
These	Those

QUESTIONS

Questions
Yes-No questions
“Do you study here?”, he said	He asked me if I studied there
“Are you reading this book?”, he said	He asked us if we were reading that book
Wh- questions
“What are you doing?”, he said to her	He asked her what she was doing
“Where did you leave my book?”, he said to me	He asked me where I had left his book

COMMANDS, REQUESTS AND OTHERS

Commands, requests and others
“Give me my magazine”, he said	He told me to give him his magazine
“Can you pass me the salt, please?”, he said	He asked me to pass him the salt
“Come down right night”, he said	He ordered me to come down at once
“Oh, please, please, write to us soon”, they said	They begged us to write to them soon
“You should see a doctor”, he said	He advised me to see a doctor
“Don´t play near the river, children”, he said	He warned the children not to play near the river
“Would you like something to drink?, he said	He invited me to have a drink
“Shall I help you with the bags?”, he said	He offered me to help me with the bags
“Why don´t we have a swim?”, she said	She suggested having a swim

3.- MODAL VERBS

MODAL VERBS

Verb	Use	Example
CAN	Permission	Can I open the window, mum?
	Ability	She can play the piano very well
	General possibility	It´s cloudy. It can rain in a moment
CAN´T	Something is imposible to happen	Jane is in England now; you can´t have seen her this morning
COULD	Permission	Could I open the window, Sir?
	Ability	She could play the piano when she was 4
	Possibility	It´s a bit cloudy. It could rain if the sky is so covered
MAY	Permission	May I ask you a question, Sir?
	Possibility	I may go to Italy this summer; my family would like to visit Rome
MIGHT	Possibility	I´m not sure but it might snow tonight although the temperatures are a bit higher
MUST	Obligation	You must keep silence on the premises
	Possibility	Open the door; it must be Paul, I am sure
MUSTN´T	Prohibition	You mustn´t smoke in this restaurant, it´s forbidden
HAVE TO (semi-modal)	Obligation	I can´t go to the cinema with you. I have to look after my little sister
DON´T HAVE TO (semi-modal)	Lack of obligation	Why did you get up so early? You are on holiday. You don´t have to go to work
SHOULD	Obligation	You should wash and feed your pets properly
	Advice	You have a terrible toothache. You should see your dentist
OUGHT TO	Moral obligation	My 82 year-old neighbour is sick. I ought to go shopping for her
NEEDN´T	Something is not necessary	It´s enough! You needn´t bring any more pieces of wood
WILL	Prediction	(a fortune teller): You will have three children
	Request	Will you please set aside?
	Decision taken at the moment	There isn´t any sugar in the jar. I´ll get some from the kitchen
SHALL	Offer	Shall I help you? Your seem to be very busy
	Suggestion	Shall we have a swim? It´s very hot
WOULD	Repetitive action in the past	When I lived in London, I would go to Hyde Park every afternoon
	Invitation	Would you like something to drink?

2.- CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

TYPES

Type 1	If present, future If present, present (universal truth) If present, modal can/may If present, imperative
Type 2	If past, would
Type 3	If past perfect, would have+participle

Type 1

If he doesn´t put on his coat, he will get a cold

If you heat ice, it melts

If I cook, you can do the laundry

If he comes, call me at once

Type 2

If they came on time, we would go for a walk

If I were you, I would choose English instead

Type 3

If they had got up earlier, they would have caught the bus

1.- HOW TO PRONOUNCE THE FINAL -ed  (http://www.elementalenglish.com)

We can pronounce the final –ed in the past and participle or regular verbs in three ways:

1) [t] final sound

Verbs ending in voiceless sounds [p, k, θ, f, s, ʃ, tʃ] cause the “-ed” ending to be pronounced as the voiceless [t] (with no vocal chord vibration).

·          [p] “He popped a balloon.” [papt]

·         [k] “They talked a lot” [takt]

·         [θ] “th”: “She frothed a cup of milk” [frawθt]

·         [f] “I laughed at the movie.” [læft]

·         [s] “She kissed a frog.” [kIst]

·         [ʃ] “sh”: “We brushed it off.” [bruʃt]

·         [tʃ] “ch”: “I reached around for it.” [riytʃt]

2) [d] final sound

Verbs ending in the voiced sounds [b, g, ð, v, z, ʒ, dʒ, m, n, ŋ, r, l] cause the “-ed” ending to be pronounced as a voiced [d].

·          [b] “It bobbed up and down.” [babd]

·         [g] “He begged her to stay.” [bɛgd]

·         [ð] “She breathed loudly.” [briyðd]

·         [v] “They loved it.” [luvd]

·         [z] “We raised her expectations.” [reyzd]

·         [dʒ] “They bridged the gap.” [brIdʒd]

·         [m] “I claimed it was mine.” [kleymd]

·         [n] “They banned new members.” [bænd]

·         [ŋ] “She banged into the chair.” [bæŋd]

·         [r] “He cleared it up.” [kliyrd]

·         [l] “I rolled up the paper.” [rowld]

3) [ɪd] final sound

Verbs ending in the sounds [t] or [d] will cause the “-ed” ending of a verb to be pronounced as the syllable[ɪd].

·         [t] “I visited the Empire State Building.” [vɪzɪt[d]

·         [t] “She edited the research paper.” [ɛdɪtɪd]

·         [d] “We ended the game early.” [ɛndɪd]

·         [d] “He breaded the chicken.” [brɛdɪd]

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